Somali Canadians Today | Taariikh

Taariikh

Somaliya waxa hore loogu sifeeyey dhulka Punt, macnaheeda yahay dhulka beeyada iyo xabakta. Magaalooyin ku yaal xeebaha Badda Cas iyo Hindiya, kuwaas oo ahaa xarunta la iskaga beddesho badeecooyinka gudaha Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya, sidoo kalena Masar iyo Aasiya taariikhdaas oo dib looga bilaabo qarnigii 9aad. Yurubiyankii ugu horreeyey ee dhul Soomaaliyeed socdaal ku dhexmara wuxuu ahaa Richard Burton sannadkii 1854, oo ay ka dambeeyeen dhowr kale oo ka socda dalka Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga ilaa iyo waqtigii gumeysiga ee Afrika lakala qaybsanayey ee 1866. Dadka Soomaaliyeed ee Waqooyi iyo Koonfur waxay hoos yimaadeen labo kala duwan oo quwad Yurubiyan ah.

Ingiriisku waxay ka sameeysteen maxmiyad Waqooyi Galbeed sannadii 1, waxaanay haysteen ilaa iyo 1960. Talyaanigu waxay qabsadeen Koonfur Soomaaliya 1889. Ingiriisku waxay qabsadeen dhulka muddo 19 sano ah markay ka adkaadeen Talyaaniga daqaalkii aduunka ee labaad. Talyaanigu wuxuu ku maamulayey Soomaaliya hab dal hoos yimaada Qaramada Midoobey oo loo xil saaray ilaa iyo 1960. Qaybaha Waqooyi iyo Koonfur ee Soomaaliyeed waxay midoobeen bishii Juun 1dii, 1960, oo ay sameeysteen Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya markay madaxbannaanaadeen amase xoroobeen.

Xuriyad. Dowlad dimuqraadiya rayid ah oo Madaxweyne leh ay ka jirtey Soomaaliya muddo 10 sano ah ka dib xuriyaddii.

Bishii Oktobar, 1969, inqilaab militari ayaa gambiyey dawladdii rayidka ahayd ee l;a soo doortay oo la sameeyey diktatooriyad la soo maray 22 sano burbur, isbedel xoog mujtamac, iyo dagaal ku dhamaaday dhiig rayid ilaa iyo intii dalku muquurtay dagaal buuxa rayid ah. Markii heerkaas la gaaray waxa gobollada lagu qaybiyey hab qabiil oo madax ka yahay boqor dagaal. Soomaaliya waqtigaas laga bilaabo goob dagaal loogu talogalay dumis oo nidaam daro ku baahsatay dalka oo dhan.

Somaliya qaran ahaan waxay ku jirtaa burbur. Dawladdii Siyaad Barre waxa la saaray bishii Janawari, 1991. Sharci darro ayaa ku xigey muddo 13 sano ah.

Bishii May, 1991, qabiilada Waqooyi waxay shaaca ka qaadeen iney sameysteen dawlad xor ah lagu magacaabo Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalilaand, oo hadda ay ka tirsan yihiin Awdal, Waqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag iyo Sool. Dawlad ku-sheegaas ay ku dhawaaqeen, inkastoo aanay dawladina aqoonsan, habkaasi wuxuu xoojiey jiritaan deggan. Gobollada Bari iyo Nugaal iyo Waqooyi Mudug waxay ka kooban yihiin dawlad jaar ah oo ku dhawaaqday inay yihiin gobol lagu magacaabo Puntland, oo ahaa mid iskiisa isumaamula laga bilaabo 1998, hase ahaatee aan ku talo jirin ku dhawaaq xornimo gobol.

Puntland waxay ku talaabsatay isdhisid sharciyeysan, dawlad la soo doortay, laakinse ka dhibaatootay dagaal rayid 2002. Puntland waxay muran laleedahay Soomaliland xagga xuduudeeda iyadoo weliba sheeganeeysa qayb ka mid ah Sool iyo Sanaag.

Laga bilaabo 1993, mashruuca tacab baniaadanimo (oo horeba laga fuliyey Koonfur) uu karay inuu yareeyo duruufta cunto la’aanta, laakiinse markay Qarama Midoobay ka baxeen 1995, iyadoo dhimasho iyo dhaawac, ay waxyeeleeyeen, weli nidaam sharci dhawrid, lama soo celin. Muddadii xukunka ee dawladda ku meelgaarka ah ee lagu dhisay Carta, Jabuuti bishii Agoosto, 2000, wuxuu dhamaaday bishi Agoosto, 2003. Wadahadallo lagu dhisayo dawlad cusub ayaa ka socda Kiiniya. Dhawr boqorro dagaal iyo kooxo ayaa weli ku dagaalamaya qabsashada Muqdisho iyo gobolada Koonfureed. Tuhun isku xir Soomaali argagixisada adduunka ayaa murug gelinaya aragtidaas.

Soomaalidu waxay u leeyihiin hidde dibedda loogu dhoofo, laga shaqeeyo, amase wax lagu barto. Sidii uu taariikhyahan tilmaamay “Soomaaliga dhexsocoto caynta watana geeliisa, kuna hubeysan waran, waxa laga yaabaa inuu garto lahjadda badmaaxyaasha Ingiriiska, amase afka jajaban ee micnaha lahayn ee Chicago oo si fiican u ciyaarana dheesha kubadda cagta”.

Maanta malaayiin Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool kuna baahsan adduunka. Inta ay badi yihiin qaxooti ku nool deriska ah ee Bari Afrika, Bariga dhexe, waxa jira degaano Soomaaliyeed ku nool dhamaan Yurub iyo Waqooyi Amerika. Dadka ugu badani waxay ku nool yihiin Canada, ku dhowaad 200,000 ayaa degay muddo kii sano ee ugu dambeeyey.

Ilaa muddadaas, waxa lagu qabtay 13 shirar magaalamadaxda dalalka deriska ah ee Afrika iyo Masar. Dhamaantood hawlahaasi waxay ku dhamaadeen guul darro lagu soo celiyo dawlad loo dhan yahay, si loo sugo nabadgeliyo iyo degenaasho.

Bishii Oktoobar, 2004, shirkii 14aad ayaa lagu qabtay Nairobi, Kiiniya, kaasoo ay abaabuleen Ururka Dalalka Leh Awood Dawladnimo Loogu Talo Galay Horumar ee ku magac dheer (IGAD). Socodsiinta qorshahani wuxuu qaatay labo sano, oo ku dhamaaday doorashada madaxweyne cusub.

Waxa la sameeyey Gole Wasiiro si loo abuuro dawlad soo celisa qarannimadii, nabaddii iyo deggenaashihii Soomaaliya mustaqbalka dhow.

A Brief History of Somalia

Somalia was described in the past as the land of Punt, which means the land of aromatics and incense. Coastal cities on the Red Sea and on the Indian Ocean were the centers of exchange of goods from interior Somalia and Ethiopia as well as Egypt and Asia dating back to the 9th century.
The first European to travel through Somalia territory was Richard Burton in 1854, followed by various others from the United Kingdom, Italy and through to the colonial partition period of Africa in 1866. The Somali people in the north and southern parts came under two different European powers.

Britain established a protectorate in northwest Somalia in 1884, and kept it until June 1960.

Italy occupied southern Somalia in 1889. The British took control of the territory for a ten period after defeating the Italians in the WWII. Italy administered Somalia as a United Nations trusteeship territory until 1960. The northern and southern parts of Somalia united on June 1st, 1960 to form the Somali republic, after acquiring independence. A civilian democratic government headed by a president prevailed in the Somali republic for nearly a decade after independence. On October 1969 a military coup overthrow the elected civilian government and established a dictatorship which saw two decades of destruction, social upheaval and a bloody civil war ensued, until the country was plunged into a full-fledged civil war. At that point the territories were divided up on a on tribal basis under the control of warlords. Somalia has since become a battle ground for destruction, with killing, looting and chaos and anarchy rampant throughout the country.

Somalia as nation lies in ruins. The Siad Barre regime was ousted in January 1991; chaos, factional fighting, and lawlessness have followed for thirteen years. In May of 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland - that now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence. The regions of Bari and Nugaal and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring self-declared autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since 1998, but does not aim at independence. Puntland has also made strides towards reconstructing a legitimate, representative government, but has suffered civil strife in 2002.

Puntland disputes its border with Somaliland as it also claims portions of eastern Sool and Sanaag. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored.

The mandate of the Transitional National Government (TNG), created in August 2000 in Arta, Djibouti, expired in August 2003. Discussions regarding the establishment of a new government are ongoing in Kenya. Numerous warlords and factions are still fighting for control of Mogadishu and the other southern regions. Suspicion of Somali links with global terrorism further complicates the picture.

Somalis have a long tradition of going abroad to travel, work, or study. As one historian has noted, "[T]he Somali who goes striding through the bush with his camels and armed with a spear may know the slang of British sailors, or the jargon of Chicago, and play an excellent game of football."

Today, millions of Somalis live scattered around the world. While the great majority are refugees living in neighboring countries in East Africa and in the Middle East, there are Somali communities throughout Europe and North America. The largest population is in Canada, where approximate figures of 200,000 Somalis have settled in over the last 20 years.

Since that time, 13 reconciliation conferences have been held in various capitals in neighboring African countries and Egypt. All of these efforts ended in a complete failure to restore an all-inclusive government for peace and stability.

On October 2004, the 14th conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya under the auspices of the Inter-Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD). This process lasted for almost two years, culminating in the election of a new president. A cabinet has been formed for the establishment of a government in an effort to restore sovereignty, peace and stability in Somalia in the near future.